情势变更原则中显失公平认定研究
王德山
摘要：最高人民法院《合同法》解释（二）确立了情势变更原则。“显失公平”是适用情势变更原则的核心要件之一，但司法实务中如何把握和判定显失公平，并无客观标准和依据。对于情势变更中显失公平的认定，首先应确认当事人因情势变更而额外增加了履约成本，其次因此遭受较大经济亏损时，可以认定为显失公平。通过经济成本核算，以经济亏损作为判定显失公平的界限和依据。
关键词：情势变更，显失公平，成本核算，严重亏损
A Study On the Identification about Obvious Unjust
in the Principle of Change of Circumstances
Wang Deshan
(Law School, Capital University of Economics and Business, Beijing, 100070, China)
Abstract: China Supreme People's Court’s Interpretation Two on Contract Law has established the Principle of Change of Circumstances. Obvious unjust is one of the core elements to apply the Principle of Change of Circumstances. However,there is no objective criteria and basis on how to grasp and decide obvious unjust in the judicial practice Based on the differentiation of “Obvious Unfairness” in a general sense from in Principle of Change of Circumstances, this paper aims to standardize and objectify the norm and basis of determining obvious unjust, that is, economic-cost accounting method. On the confirmation of changed circumstances and the additional compliance costs of the parties,through economic-cost accounting method and economic losses as a basis for determining obvious unjust.
Key words: Change of circumstances, Obvious unjust, Cost accounting, Economic losses
一、据以研究的案例
案例1.原告煤气公司与被告仪表厂签订《煤气表散件供应合同》，仪表厂向煤气公司供应J2.5煤气表散件7万套。每套散件单价57.30元，总价款为401.1万元。之后，在合同履行过程中，生产煤气表散件的主要原材料铝绽价格由签订合同时的每吨4600元，到合同履行时暴涨到每吨16500元，由此导致散件的成本上涨到每套70元，若继续按原合同价格及数量履行，仪表厂不但没有任何获利，反而因此将遭受100多万元的经济损失。
案例2：2003年8月，刘某从开发商处以每平米1500元购得一套100平米的楼房。2005年6月，刘某与张某签订了房屋买卖协议，即刘某以每平米2000元价格卖给张某，总价款20万元。2006年5月，到合同约定的办理房屋过户手续时，该地段房价已陡升至每平米4500元，该套楼房市场价值已45万元，且还在继续攀升。刘某便以种种理由拒绝交房。张某起诉至法院，要求判令刘某履行房屋买卖合同，办理过户手续。刘某提出反诉称，目前房价比当初协议约定价格高涨一倍多，继续履行原合同对被告显失公平，故以因情势变更继续履行合同显失公平为由请求解除房屋买卖合同。
二、问题的提出
最高人民法院《关于适用若干问题的解释（二）》（以下简称“《解释》（二）”）第26条确立了情势变更制度。根据该《解释》之规定，合同成立后，当事人主张适用情势变更原则予以救济，应当具备两大基本要件：第一，须有情势变更的客观事实；第二，情势变更致合同继续履行显失公平或者不能实现合同目的。两大条件同时具备，当事人可以请求人民法院变更或者解除合同。
上述两则案例即涉及到显失公平的认定问题。对于显失公平的认定具有很大的弹性及较强的主观性，在何种情形下认定为显失公平，无论是理论界还是司法实务并未得到较好解决，甚至存在误解。而显失公平的认定标准恰恰是适用情势变更原则给与当事人法律救济的核心要素。因此，如何判定显失公平将显得极为重要，就案例2而言，有人即认定构成情事变更中的显失公平。
三、显失公平的判定标准
（一）判定显失公平现有论述之缺陷
目前有关显失公平的认定，无论一般意义上的显失公平还是情势变更原则中的显失公平，最突出的缺陷是，均是抽象性、概括性的描述，具有很强的主观色彩。如，有学者主张，显失公平是指权利义务的配置明显不对等，使一方处于重大不利的境地；这种不对等违反公平原则，超过了法律允许的限度等。 另有学者提出，“显失公平遭到严重破坏主要包括两种形态：①一方当事人的履约成本大大增加；②一方当事人所获履约价值大幅下降。” ；还有学者提出，以“给付负担过重规则”来判定是否构成情事变更原则中的显失公平，该主张认为“情势变更原则得以具体化为给付负担过重规则而予以适用，盖源于合同成立后发生的各种情势在当事人一方于合同履行中合理期待的牺牲与他实际不得不作出的牺牲之间产生极大的不均衡，于是在这种意义上，使得他履行其给付义务的负担过于沉重。” 上述无论哪一种主张，一个共同的缺陷，就是对显失公平的认定缺乏一个客观的界定标准和评判尺度，具有极大的主观任意性和自由裁量空间。如，“履约成本大大增加”、“所获履约价值大幅下降”、“给付负担过重”等，但何种情况下认定为“大大增加”、“大幅下降”、“负担过重”等，均没有客观的衡量尺度，在实务中无疑将会仁者见仁，智者见智，不具有可操作性。如此这样势必造成同样的案情不同的判决结果，影响法律的公正性、严肃性和统一性。因此，我们必须对显失公平的评判标准尽可能地客观化、标准化、统一化，一方面可以维护法律的公正性、严肃性和统一性，另一方面最终达到维护各方当事人的合法权益，维护正常的交易秩序，充分发挥情势变更原则的积极效用之目的。
（二）显失公平的客观判定标准——经济严重亏损
判定情势变更原则中的显失公平，我们必须明确两个问题：首先，情势变更原则中的显失公平必须区别于一般意义上的显失公平 ，二者在引发显失公平的起因、显失公平发生的时间、当事人主观过错等诸多方面有着明显的区别。因此，我们不能直接以一般意义上的显失公平的构成要件来衡量和判定情势变更中的显失公平。
其次，情势变更原则中的显失公平主要适用于双务有偿合同中。 对于无偿合同，因不存在对价问题，所以不存在双方利益的失衡以及显失公平问题。而在双务有偿合同中，是否显失公平，究其根本是体现在经济利益方面的平衡与否。因此，这就决定了显失公平界定标准应当定位于经济利益方面。
对于显失公平的认定和评判，笔者主张，应当进行经济成本核算，以“正负零”作为评判基准，以“经济上是否严重亏损”作为显失公平的判定标准和依据，具体而言：
第一，确认因情事变更而额外增加了当事人的履约成本。当事人因情势变更，如价格涨跌等情形，使其经济利益受到严重影响，认为对其显失公平，并以此为由主张适用情势变更原则而请求变更或解除合同的，法官须在确认情事变更的客观事实情况下，确认是否因情势变更而额外增加了当事人的履约成本。任何当事人履行合同都将有所付出，如购买原材料、人工费用等等各项支出，此即所谓的履约成本，而履约成本主要体现在经济负担方面。所谓“额外增加了履约成本”，是指因发生情事变更，使得当事人在合同订立时所应当承担的履约成本之外，不得不再承担更多的费用或支出，由此增加了当事人的履约负担。
第二，确认当事人是否发生严重亏损。在确认因情势变更而额外增加了当事人的履约成本的基础上，对当事人进行经济成本核算，以经济成本作为衡量尺度，以是否亏损作为评判标准。“正负零”是负给付义务方当事人 的给付与所得的基准点，是当事人收益与亏损的分界线。仅仅确认因情势变更而额外增加了当事人的履约成本，还不能仅此即认定“显失公平”，而应当对当事人的经济成本（或者说履约成本）进行核算，进一步确认当事人是否将因上述情形遭受较大的经济亏损。只有当事人将因此遭受严重经济亏损的，才可以认定为显失公平。换句话说，如果因发生情势变更而使得给付义务方当事人继续履行合同的结果不但不能获利，反而使得该方当事人经济上遭受严重亏损时，才能认定为“显失公平”。在市场经济体制下，当事人从事交易遵循的基本原则之一是等价有偿，因发生情势变更额外增加了其履约成本，而正是该额外增加的履约成本导致其不但不能从中受益，反遭经济损失，则有悖于等价有偿和诚实信用原则。
但是，如果尽管发生情势变更，但并未因此额外增加当事人的履约成本，而是仍然维持在合同订立时所应当承但的履约成本之内；或者尽管因情势变更额外增加了履约成本，但通过经济成本的会计核算，合同履行后仍然可以获得经济利益，并未因此发生亏损，仅仅使得当事人获得的利益相对降低或减少，只是获利多少而已，将不能以此认定为“显失公平”，并进而适用情势变更原则予以救济。
同时具备上述两个条件，才可认定为显失公平。对于因情势变更是否额外增加其履约成本并将导致其经济亏损，应由主张适用情势变更原则救济的一方当事人负举证责任。法官认为必要时，可以聘请有相应资质的机构进行核算与评定。
为进一步说明问题，现以上述案例进行比较分析。上述案例是否构成显失公平，经过成本核算和比较分析，便可以得出结论。
案例1，在合同履行过程中，因生产煤气表散件的主要原材料价格暴涨，导致散件的成本由每套57.30元涨到70元，一方面，仪表厂因情势变更而额外增加了履约成本；另一方面，正是该额外增加的履约成本，如果按原合同继续履行将导致其不但无任何收益，反而将亏损100多万元。更进一步说，假如合同总价款中包括50万元的合理利润，但由于情势变更，仪表厂不但50万元的利润全部被侵蚀掉，而且还要为此亏损100多万元，显然违背等价有偿及公平原则，故应认定为显失公平。但是，如果虽然原材料价格上张或者因其他情势发生变化而增加了履约成本，但仪表厂依约履行合同后，仍可获得一些利润（比如1万元），并未因此遭受经济亏损，将不应当认定为显失公平。即便没有盈利但也无亏损，此即前文所称的“正负零”，同样也不应当认定为显失公平，对此情形（包括利润相对减少）属于目前普遍观点所称的当事人应当承担的正常商业风险。
案例2的情形却不同，合同成立后虽然房价暴涨，前后房屋买卖价格相差很大，但从经济成本或者履约成本角度分析，并未因此而额外增加刘某履约成本，其履约成本仍然维持在合同订立时所应承担的范围之内，刘某更没有因此而发生经济亏损，仅仅是与合同履行时的市场价格相比较少获利而已（如果合同订立时就低于其购房价格或建房成本，则不属于情势变更原则要解决的问题）。故不能仅仅因前后价格之间的差价而少获利即认定为显失公平。
另一问题是，当事人是否只要有所亏损就可以请求变更或解除合同？法律上是否应当对亏损程度给予限制？对此，有人主张“当情事变更后，负给付义务一方履行合同的，以‘原合同约定价金’为基数，可能要亏损前述基数的20%及以上的，可以认定构成情事变更原则中的显失公平。如果，在履行合同后亏损在20%以内，显然是属于一般的商业风险，而不能适用情事变更原则。” 对此，笔者认为，法律上不宜统一规定一个具体比例，更不应将亏损在20%以内的就一律认定为商业风险。一方面，基数的比例很难确定一个科学合理数字；另一方面，也最为重要的是，基数数额不同，最终实际亏损数额大小将相差极大。因此，对于亏损程度或者亏损数额，应赋予法官一定的自由裁量空间，根据具体案情进行判定。不过，总体来说，在实际亏损数额很小的情况很难说是“显失”公平。为最大限度地维护交易安全，避免情势变更原则被滥用，不能因整个交易仅仅亏损了几十块钱或几百块钱就以显失公平来主张适用情势变更原则。
在以经济成本作为评判标准时，该种衡量标准不适用于下列合同：（1）股票、期货等此类合同，因为其本身具有较强的投机性；（2）射幸合同。射幸合同本身具有特殊的规则和投机性，而且当事人在订立合同时，对其后果双方均已预知；（3）拍卖合同。《拍卖法》对拍卖合同已有特殊规定，通过竞买或者竞卖，其本身同样具有特殊的交易规则。
四、付款方显失公平问题探讨
经济成本核算法，以“经济上是否亏损”来判定显失公平，该种判定依据或标准实际上仅仅针对的是从合同中直接获取经济利益的一方当事人，也就是收取钱款一方当事人，如买卖合同的卖方、承揽合同的承揽方，提供服务合同的提供服务方等。但是，付款方当事人，如买卖合同的买方、服务合同中的接受服务方等，当其主张因情势变更而显失公平，并以此为由请求变更或解除合同时，将无法进行经济成本核算，并得出是否亏损以及是否显失公平的结论。
对此，正如前文所述，是否显失公平，其根本是体现在当事人的经济利益方面。在情势变更原则中，衡量是否显示公平，其前提是，是否因情势变更而额外增加了当事人的履约成本或经济负担，如果虽发生情势变更，但当事人并未因此额外增加履约成本，更不存在当事人经济亏损，所以，此种情形根本无须考虑显失公平问题。收取钱款一方当事人将因发生情势变更额外增加了其履约成本，而该额外增加的履约成本恰恰是在订立合同时根据当时情形无法预知且不应当承担的，正是该额外增加的履约成本将导致其经济亏损，故认定为显失公平。与收取钱款一方当事人不同的是，付款方当事人在合同成立后，因市场价格涨跌、币值变动或出现其他情形，合同约定的价款虽然与市场行情相比较出现一定甚至较大的差距，但最根本的一点是，当事人间的合同价款并未受到影响，并没有因此额外增加付款方当事人的经济负担或者说履约成本，本质上讲根本不属于情事变更的范畴，故在此情况下不存在显失公平的问题，当然也无需进行经济成本核算。
我们以商品房买卖合同为例，全国各地商品房价格在2008年普遍下跌。因此，在商品房价格下跌前已经签订购房合同的购房人，由于同一楼盘的其它商品房价格大幅下降，便认为自己相对多付了房款，于是纷纷要求开发商退还差价或要求退房。笔者认为，在合同生效后，因市场价格涨跌等情形，合同约定的价款虽然与市场行情存在一定甚至较大的差距，但依约继续履行合同并未因此额外增加购房人的经济负担，即履约成本，仅仅是自己通过纵向和横向比较，与之后的购房人相比多付了房款，由此认为自己亏了。而且本质上讲，此种情形对购房人而言根本不属于情事变更问题。因此，此种情形事实上不存在是否显失公平的问题，也无需进行经济成本核算。如果遇房价上涨，购房人只需按合同约定价款付款就是，对其更不存在显失公平问题。
五、判定显失公平中的错误观念
（一）纵向和横向比较
所谓纵向比较，是指当事人将签订合同时的交易价格或酬金与合同履行时的交易价格或酬金进行比较。所谓横向比较，是指当事人的交易价格或酬金与第三人同等条件的交易价格或酬金相比较。
目前，理论界存在很大的误区，就是将签订合同时的交易价格或酬金与合同履行时的交易价格或酬金进行纵向和横向比较，仅仅单凭前后价格或收益之差作为判定依据，并得出是否显失公平的结论。这种通过比较方式来认定显失公平显然是错误的。本文案例2中的情形即是典型的例子，如果将合同订立时的房价与合同履行时的房价进行比较，房价相差一倍多，卖方刘某因此而少得25万元。表面上看，合同继续履行对刘某明显不公平。但事实上，尽管合同订立时与合同履行时的价格相差较大，但一方面，卖方刘某在合同订立时出售价格起码是物有所值，另一方面，最根本的一点是刘某的转让价格与其购买该房屋时价格相比，既未增加其履约负担，也未因此而亏损（相反还赚了钱），仅仅是与合同履行时的市场价格相比赚钱较少而已。试想，如果合同订立后当地房价普遍下降了，买方将认为其相对多付了款，并进而主张显失公平，如此这样，诚实信用原则将不复存在。
市场价格时常发生波动，有涨有跌，并因此而影响到当事人的经济利益。合同履行时的价格或酬金高于或低于合同签订时的价格或酬金，或者比第三人的交易价格或高或低，虽然对一方当事人的收益有一定影响，甚至影响较大，但不能仅仅因此即认定为显失公平并主张适用情势变更原则予以救济。若交易者都以此为由而主张情势变更原则，交易安全将无法得到保障，交易秩序、诚实信用原则将遭到严重破坏。故笔者认为，不能仅以卖多卖少、赚多赚少、收益多少来衡量与评判是否构成显失公平。理论界和实务界正是由于这种仅仅单纯地进行横向和纵向比较，以当事人赚多赚少，收益多少作为显失公平的评判标准，最终导致情势变更原则的适用范围和自由裁量空间无限扩大。如此这样，实属对情势变更原则中显失公平的重大曲解，其结果必然有悖于诚实信用原则。
（二）将当事人是否获得暴利作为评判要素
在界定显失公平时，通常观点将另一方“获取暴利”作为认定显失公平的要素之一。 笔者认为，无论一般意义上的显失公平还是情事变更原则中的显失公平，另一方当事人是否“获取暴利”不应作为认定是否显失公平的考虑因素，只需考虑继续维持原合同效力对一方当事人是否显著“不利”。理由是：首先，对一方当事人显著“不利”，而另一方当事人未必就因此而获得暴利。反之，一方当事人获取暴利，对另一方当事人未必一定显失公平；其次，另一方当事人在签订合同时只要遵守诚实信用原则，未违反法律、行政法规强制性规定，其获利多少，作为私法领域而言，民事法律不应给予干预。如果当事人违反法律、行政法规强制性规定，即便获利不大，也为法律所不允许，但那将不是民事法律中“显失公平”所要解决的问题。其三，何谓“暴利”，同样具有较强的主观色彩，很难有一衡量标准。因此，不应将一方当事人是否“获取暴利”作为认定显失公平的评定要素。
结束语
确立情势变更原则对妥善解决合同纠纷无疑具有重要价值和意义。但对于显失公平的认定标准必须客观化、标准化，否则，该项制度必将被滥用，对当事人造成新的不公平，不利于交易安全。在认定是否显失公平时：①确认合同订立后发生了情势变更的客观事实；②确认因情势变更而额外增加了当事人的履约成本（即经济负担）；③进行履约成本核算，经过经济成本核算，确认当事人是否因此而遭受“严重亏损”。三个要件同时具备才可认定为显失公平。这样客观、公正，易于判断，完全可以避免对显失公平认定的主观随意性，有益于法律的严谨性、科学性和法律适用的统一性。
至于情势变更与商业风险，许多学者进行比较分析二者所谓的区别，但笔者认为，目前理论界所归纳总结的关于二者所谓的区别都显得非常牵强，运用这些所谓的区别也根本不能判定实务中遇到的情形究竟属于情势变更还是属于商业风险。但通过经济成本核算，确认是否因情势变更而额外而增加了当事人的履约成本并因此遭受较大经济亏损时，便可以得出准确结论，情势变更与商业风险的界定也就迎刃而解。
SECURITIES (CLEARING HOUSES) ORDINANCE ——附加英文版
Hong Kong
SECURITIES (CLEARING HOUSES) ORDINANCE
(CHAPTER 420)
CONTENTS
ion
I PRELIMINARY
hort title
nterpretation
II DECLARATION OF CLEARING HOUSES FOR PURPOSES OF THIS
NANCE AND RULES OF CLEARING HOUSES
ecognized clearing houses
ules of recognized clearing houses, etc.
III MODIFICATIONS OF THE LAW OF INSOLVENCY TO SAFEGUARD
ATIONS AND PROCEDURES OF RECOGNIZED CLEARING HOUSES, ETC.
roceedings of recognized clearing house take precedence over law
of
lvency
upplementary provisions as to default proceedings
uty to report on completion of default proceedings
et sum payable on completion of default proceedings
isclaimer of property, rescission of contracts, etc.
Adjustment of prior transactions
Right of relevant office-holder to recover certain amounts
arising
certain transactions
Application of market collateral not affected by certain other
rests, etc.
Enforcement of judgments over property subject to market charge,
etc.
Law of insolvency in other jurisdictions
IV MISCELLANEOUS
Participant to be party to certain transactions as principal
Securities deposited with recognized clearing house
Immunity, etc.
Preservation of rights, etc.
Amendment of Schedules 1 and 2
(Omitted as spent)
Transitional
dule 1 Property which may be subject to a market charge or provided
as
et collateral
dule 2 Requirements for default rules of recognized clearing
houses
dule 3 (Omitted as spent)
Whole document:
rdinance to empower the Commission to declare clearing houses
to be
gnized clearing houses for the purposes of this Ordinance, to
provide
the approval by the Commission of the rules of recognized
clearing
es, to make provision for safeguarding the operations and
procedures
ecognized clearing houses, and to provide for matters
incidental
eto or connected therewith.
ctober 1992] L. N. 324 of 1992
PART I PRELIMINARY
hort title
This Ordinance may be cited as the Securities (Clearing
Houses)
nance.
(Omitted as spent)
nterpretation
In this Ordinance, unless the context otherwise requires--
rge" means any form of security, including a mortgage;
aring house" means a person--
whose activities or objects include the provision of services for
the
ring and settlement of transactions in securities effected
on, or
ect to the rules of, the Unified Exchange; or
who guarantees the settlement of any such transactions;
mission" means the Securities and Futures Commission
established by
ion 3 of the Securities and Futures Commission Ordinance (Cap.
24);
stitution", in relation to a clearing house, means the memorandum
and
cles of association of the clearing house;
ault proceedings" means any proceedings or other action taken
by a
gnized clearing house under its default rules;
ault rules", in relation to a recognized clearing house, means
such of
rules of the clearing house which it is required to have by virtue
of
ion 4 (2);
aulter" means a participant who is the subject of any
default
eedings; "functions" includes duties and powers;
ket charge" means a charge, whether fixed or floating,
granted in
ur of a recognized clearing house--
over any property specified in Schedule 1 which is held
by or
sited with the clearing house; and
for the purpose of securing liabilities arising directly in
connection
the clearing house's ensuring the settlement of one or more
market
racts; "market collateral" means any property specified in
Schedule 1
h is held by or deposited with a recognized clearing house for
the
ose of securing liabilities arising directly in connection
with the
ring house's ensuring the settlement of one or more market
contracts;
ket contract" means a contract subject to the rules of a
recognized
ring house entered into by the clearing house with a
participant
uant to a novation which is both in accordance with those rules
and
the purposes of the clearing and settlement of
transactions in
rities effected on, or subject to the rules of, the Unified
Exchange;
icer" means an officer within the meaning of section 2
of the
anies Ordinance (Cap. 32);
ticipant" means a person who, in accordance with the rules
of a
gnized clearing house, may participate in one or more of the
services
ided by the clearing house in its capacity as a clearing house;
formance", in relation to a function, includes discharge and
exercise;
ognized clearing house" means a clearing house declared under
section
) to be a recognized clearing house for the purposes
of this
nance;
evant office-holder" means--
the Official Receiver appointed under section 75 of the
Bankruptcy
nance (Cap. 6);
any person acting in relation to a company as its
liquidator,
isional liquidator, receiver or manager;
any person acting in relation to an individual as his
trustee in
ruptcy or interim receiver of his property; or
any person appointed pursuant to an order for the
administration in
ruptcy of an insolvent estate of a deceased person;
es", in relation to a clearing house--
means the constitution, rules, regulations or directions, by
whatever
called, governing the membership, management,
operations and
edures of the clearing house; and
without restricting the generality of paragraph (a), includes
rules,
lations or directions relating to--
the provision of clearing and settlement services, and the
suspension
ithdrawal of such services;
the provision of services other than the services referred
to in
aragraph (i);
) the persons who may participate in one or more of the
services
rred to in subparagraphs (i) and (ii); and
setting and levying fees and charges;
urities" means securities within the meaning of section 2
of the
rities Ordinance (Cap. 333);
tlement", in relation to a market contract, includes
partial
lement; "Unified Exchange" means the Unified Exchange
established
r section 27 of the Stock Exchanges Unification Ordinance (Cap.
361).
Where--
a charge is granted partly for the purpose specified in the
definition
market charge" and partly for other purposes, the charge is in
this
nance a market charge in so far as it has effect for that
specified
ose;
collateral is provided partly for the purpose specified
in the
nition of "market collateral" and partly for other
purposes, the
ateral is in this Ordinance market collateral in so far as it has
been
ided for that specified purpose.
References in this Ordinance to the law of insolvency
include
rences to every provision made by or under--
the Bankruptcy Ordinance (Cap. 6);
the Companies Ordinance (Cap. 32); and
any other enactment which is concerned with or in any way related
to
insolvency of a person.
References in this Ordinance to settlement in relation to a
market
ract are to the discharge of the rights and liabilities of the
parties
he contract, whether by performance, compromise or otherwise.
PART II DECLARATION OF CLEARING HOUSES FOR PURPOSES OF THIS ORDI-
NANCE AND RULES OF CLEARING HOUSES
ecognized clearing houses
Where the Commission is satisfied that it is appropriate to do
so in
interest of the investing public or in the public interest, or
for the
er regulation of services for the clearing and
settlement of
sactions in securities, it may, with the consent in writing
of the
ncial Secretary, by notice in the Gazette, declare a clearing
house to
recognized clearing house for the purposes of this Ordinance.
Where the Commission makes a declaration under subsection
(1) in
ect of a clearing house--
it shall give notice thereof in writing to the clearing house;
and
the rules of the clearing house in operation immediately
before the
aration shall continue to have effect unless otherwise
specified, or
l such time as is specified, in the notice referred to in paragraph
ules of recognized clearing houses, etc.
Subject to section 3 (2) (b) and subsection (4), no rules
of a
gnized clearing house (including any default rules of the
clearing
e) or any amendment thereto shall have effect unless
approved in
ing by the Commission.
A recognized clearing house shall have rules which provide
for the
ng of proceedings or other action in the event of a
participant
aring to be unable, or likely to become unable, to
meet his
gations in respect of all unsettled market contracts to which he
is a
y, and such rules shall comply with the requirements of Schedule
2.
Where a recognized clearing house takes any default proceedings,
all
equent proceedings or other action taken under its rules
for the
oses of the settlement of market contracts of which the
defaulter
erned is a party shall be treated as done under the default rules
of
clearing house notwithstanding that, but for this subsection,
such
equent proceedings or other action would not be treated as done
under
default rules of the clearing house.
The Commission may, by notice in the Gazette, declare any
class of
s of a recognized clearing house (except any default rules
of the
ring house) to be a class of rules which are not required
to be
oved under subsection (1) and, accordingly, any rules of that
clearing
e which belong to that class (including any amendment thereto)
shall
effect notwithstanding that they have not been so approved.
Without prejudice to the operation of subsection (4), a
recognized
ring house shall submit or cause to be submitted to the
Commission,
the information of the Commission, any of its rules
(including any
dment thereto )--
which belong to a class of rules the subject of a declaration
under
ection (4); and
as soon as practicable after those rules (or amendment thereto,
as the
may be) are made.
A recognized clearing house shall submit or cause to be
submitted to
Commission for its approval the rules of the clearing house and
every
dment thereto except any rules (including any amendment thereto)
which
ng to a class of rules the subject of a declaration under
subsection
Subject to subsections (8) and (9), the Commission shall,
within 6
s after the receipt of any submission under subsection (6)
from a
gnized clearing house, give notice in writing to the clearing
house
its approval of; or
its refusal to approve,
rules or amendment of the rules, as the case may be, or any
part
eof, the subject of the submission.
The Commission may, in a particular case, with the agreement of
the
gnized clearing house concerned, extend the time
prescribed in
ection (7).
The Financial Secretary may, on the advice of the
Commission and
er generally or in a particular case, extend the time
prescribed in
ection (7).
The Commission may request in writing a recognized clearing
house--
to make rules--
specified in the request; and
within the period specified in the request; or
to amend rules--
referred to in the request;
in the manner specified in the request; and
) within the period specified in the request.
Where the Commission is satisfied that a recognized clearing
house
not complied with a request referred to in subsection (10) within
the
od specified in the request, the Commission may direct in writing
the
ring house to comply with the request within such further period
as is
ified in the direction and, accordingly, the clearing house
shall
ly with that request within that further period.
For the purposes of subsection (10), "rules", in relation
to a
gnized clearing house, do not include the constitution of the
clearing
e.
PART III MODIFICATIONS OF THE LAW OF INSOLVENCY TO SAFEGUARD OPE-
RATIONS AND PROCEDURES OF RECOGNIZED CLEARING HOUSES, ETC.
roceedings of recognized clearing house take precedence over
law of
lvency
None of the following shall be regarded as to any extent
invalid at
on the ground of inconsistency with the law relating
to the
ribution of the assets of a person on insolvency,
bankruptcy or
ing-up, or on the appointment of a receiver over any of the assets
of
rson--
a market contract;
the rules of a recognized clearing house relating to the
settlement of
rket contract;
any proceedings or other action taken under the rules of a
recognized
ring house relating to the settlement of a market contract;
a market charge;
the default rules of a recognized clearing house; or
any default proceedings.
Subject to subsection (3), the powers of a relevant office-
holder in
capacity as such, and the powers of a court under the
law of
lvency, shall not be exercised in such a way as to
prevent or
rfere with--
the settlement in accordance with the rules of a recognized
clearing
e of a market contract; or
any default proceedings.
Subsection (2) shall not operate to prevent a relevant
office-holder
seeking to recover any amount under section 11 after the
completion
matter referred to in paragraph (a) or (b) of that subsection.
upplementary provisions as to default proceedings
A court may on an application by a relevant office-holder make
such
r as it thinks fit altering or releasing him from compliance with
such
he functions of his office as are affected by the fact that
default
eedings are pending or could be taken, or have been or could have
been
n and, accordingly, such functions of the relevant officeholder
shall
onstrued subject to such order.
Nothing in--
section 12, 14 or 20 of the Bankruptcy Ordinance (Cap. 6); or
section 166, 181, 183, 186 or 254 of the Companies Ordinance
(Cap.
shall prevent or interfere with any default proceedings.
uty to report on completion of default proceedings
A recognized clearing house shall, upon the completion by it of
any
ult proceedings, make a report on such proceedings stating in
respect
ach defaulter--
the net sum, if any, certified by the clearing house to be payable
by
o the defaulter; or
the fact that no sum is so payable,
he case may be, and the clearing house may include in that report
such
r particulars in respect of such proceedings as it thinks fit.
A recognized clearing house which has made a report
pursuant to
ection (1) shall supply the report to--
the Commission;
any relevant office-holder acting in relation to--
the defaulter to whom the report relates; or
that defaulter's estate;
if there is no relevant office-holder referred to in paragraph
(b),
defaulter to whom the report relates.
Where the Commission receives pursuant to subsection (2) a report
made
uant to subsection (1), it may publish notice of that fact in
such
er as it thinks appropriate to bring it to the attention of
creditors
he defaulter to whom the report relates.
Where a relevant office-holder or defaulter receives
pursuant to
ection (2) a report made pursuant to subsection (1), he shall,
at the
est of a creditor of the defaulter to whom the report relates--
make the report available for inspection by the creditor;
on payment of such reasonable fee as the relevant office-
holder or
ulter, as the case may be, determines, supply to the creditor all
or
part of that report.
In subsections (2), (3) and (4), "report" includes a copy of a
report.
et sum payable on completion of default proceedings
The provisions of this section shall apply with respect to any
net sum
ified under section 7 (1) (a) by a recognized clearing house, upon
the
letion by it of any default proceedings, to be payable by or
to a
ulter.
Where a receiving or winding-up order has been made, or a
resolution
voluntary winding-up has been passed, any net sum
shall,
ithstanding any of the provisions of section 34 or 35
of the
ruptcy Ordinance (Cap. 6) or section 264 of the Companies
Ordinance
. 32), be--
provable in the bankruptcy or winding-up or, as the case
may be,
ble to the relevant office-holder; and
taken into account, where appropriate, under section 35
of the
ruptcy Ordinance (Cap. 6) or that section as applied in the case
of a
ing-up order under the Companies Ordinance (Cap. 32).
isclaimer of property, rescission of contracts, etc.
Neither section 59 of the Bankruptcy Ordinance (Cap. 6) nor
section
of the Companies Ordinance (Cap. 32) shall apply in relation to--
a market contract;
a contract effected by a recognized clearing house for the purpose
of
izing property provided as market collateral;
a market charge; or
any default proceedings.
Neither section 42 of the Bankruptcy Ordinance (Cap. 6) nor
section
of the Companies Ordinance (Cap. 32) shall apply in relation to
any
matter or thing which has been done pursuant to--
a market contract;
a disposition of property pursuant to a market contract;
the provision of market collateral;
a contract effected by a recognized clearing house for the purpose
of
izing property provided as market collateral, or any
disposition of
erty pursuant to such a contract;
a disposition of property in accordance with the rules of a
recognized
ring house as to the application of property provided as
market
ateral;
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